滥用处方药

• 阿片类药物: 通常用于治疗疼痛
• 中枢神经系统抑制剂: used to treat 焦虑 (includes tranquilizers, sedatives, 和安眠药)
• 兴奋剂: most often prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

阿片类药物 are often used as medicines because they contain chemicals that relax the 并能缓解身体疼痛. Prescription opioids are used mostly to treat moderate to severe pain, though some opioids can be used to treat coughing 和 diarrhea. 阿片类药物 can also make people feel very relaxed 和 "high" - which is why they are sometimes 用于非医疗原因. 这 can be dangerous because opioids can be highly addictive, 和 overdoses 和 死亡 are common. 海洛因 is one of the world's most dangerous opioids, 和 is never used 作为一个 medicine in the United States.

常见的处方阿片类药物有哪些?

• 氢可酮(维柯丁^®羟考酮(奥施康定^®,止疼药^®)
• 羟吗啡酮(Opana^®)
• 吗啡(Kadian^®, Avinza^®)
• 可待因
• 芬太尼

What are some possible 影响 of prescription opioids on the brain 和 body?

In the short term, opioids can relieve pain 和 make people feel relaxed 和 happy. However, opioids can also have harmful 影响, including:

• 睡意
• 混乱
• 恶心想吐
• 便秘
• 兴奋
• 放慢呼吸

Opioid misuse can cause 放慢呼吸, which can cause hypoxia, a condition that results when too little oxygen reaches the brain. 缺氧可有短期和长期之分 psychological 和 neurological 影响, including coma, permanent brain damage, or 死亡. Researchers are also investigating the long-term 影响 of opioid addiction on the brain, including whether damage can be reversed.

What are the other health 影响 of opioid medications?

Older adults are at higher risk of accidental misuse or abuse because they typically have multiple prescriptions 和 chronic diseases, increasing the risk of drug-drug 和 drug-disease interactions, as well 作为一个 slowed metabolism that affects the breakdown 的药物. Sharing drug injection equipment 和 having impaired judgment from drug use can increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV 和 from 无保护措施的性行为.

Can a person overdose on prescription opioids?

Yes, a person can overdose on prescription opioids. 阿片类药物过量发生在 a person uses enough of the drug to produce life-threatening symptoms or 死亡. 当 people overdose on an opioid medication, their breathing often slows or stops. 这 can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain, which can result in coma, 永久性脑损伤或死亡.

如何治疗阿片类药物过量?

If you suspect someone has overdosed, the most important step to take is to call 911 so he or she can receive 立即就医. 一旦医务人员到达 他们会给你纳洛酮. Naloxone is a medicine that can treat an opioid overdose 当立即给予时. It works by rapidly binding to opioid receptors 和 blocking 阿片类药物的作用.

Can use of prescription opioids lead to addiction?

Yes, repeated misuse of prescription opioids can lead to a 物质使用障碍 (SUD), a medical illness which ranges from mild to severe 和 from temporary to chronic. Addiction is the most severe form of an SUD. 当持续滥用时，就会出现SUD of the drug changes the brain 和 causes health problems 和 failure to meet responsibilities 在工作、学校或家里.

People addicted to an opioid medication who stop using the drug can have severe 撤军 symptoms that begin as early 作为一个 few hours after the drug was last taken. 这些症状 包括:

• 肌肉和骨骼疼痛
• 睡眠问题
• 腹泻和呕吐
• 寒潮和鸡皮疙瘩
• 无法控制的腿部动作
• 严重的欲望

这些症状 can be extremely uncomfortable 和 are the reason many people find 停止使用阿片类药物太难了. 

Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are medicines that include sedatives, tranquilizers, 和安眠药. These drugs can slow brain activity, making them useful for treating 焦虑, panic, acute stress reactions, 和 sleep disorders.

CNS depressants cause 睡意; sedatives are often prescribed to treat sleep disorders like 失眠 和安眠药 can induce sleep, whereas tranquilizers are prescribed to treat 焦虑 or to relieve muscle spasms.

CNS抑制剂的例子

• 安定(安定^®)
• 氯硝西泮(Klonopin^®)
• 阿普唑仑(阿普唑仑^®)
• 三唑仑(酣乐欣^®)
• 艾司唑仑(Prosom^®)
• 唑吡坦(安必恩^®)
• eszopiclone(失眠药Lunesta^®)
• zaleplon(奏鸣曲^®)

中枢神经系统抑制剂如何影响大脑?

Most CNS depressants act on the brain by increasing activity of γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA), a chemical that inhibits brain activity. 这个动作会使人昏昏欲睡 calming 影响 that make the medicine effective for 焦虑 和 sleep disorders. People who start taking CNS depressants usually feel sleepy 和 uncoordinated for the first few days until the body adjusts to these side 影响. 其他影响 使用和误用包括:

• 口齿不清
• 注意力不集中
• 混乱
• 头疼
• 头晕
• 头晕
• 口干
• 运动和记忆问题
• 降低血压
• 放慢呼吸

If a person takes CNS depressants long term, he or she might need larger doses to 达到治疗效果. Continued use can also lead to dependence 和 撤军 突然减少或停止使用. 突然停止也会导致伤害 癫痫发作等后果.

一个人会过量服用中枢神经系统抑制剂吗?

Yes, a person can overdose on CNS depressants. 过量服用发生在人 uses enough of a drug to produce life-threatening symptoms or 死亡.

当 people overdose on a CNS depressant, their breathing often slows or stops. 这 can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain, a condition called hypoxia. 缺氧可有短期和长期之分 mental 影响 和 影响 on the nervous system, 包括昏迷和永久性脑损伤.

How can a CNS depressant overdose be treated?

The most important step to take is to call 911 so a person who has overdosed can receive 立即就医. Flumazenil (Romazicon^®) is a medication that medical personnel can use to treat benzodiazepine overdose 和 h作为一个lso been shown effective in treating overdose from sleep medicines. 这种药物 might not completely reverse 放慢呼吸 和 can lead to 癫痫发作 in some patients 谁在服用某种抗抑郁药. Flumazenil is short acting, 和 the patient may need more of it every 20 minutes until he or she recovers. 对于巴比妥酸盐和 nonbenzodiazepines, body temperature, pulse, breathing, 和 blood pressure should be monitored while waiting for the drug to be eliminated.

Can prescription CNS depressant use lead to addiction 和 物质使用障碍?

Yes, use or misuse of prescription CNS depressants can lead to problem use, known 作为一个 物质使用障碍(SUD), which takes the form of addiction in severe cases. 长期使用处方 CNS depressants, even as prescribed by a doctor, can cause some people to develop a tolerance, which means that they need higher 和/or more frequent doses of the drug 得到想要的效果. A SUD develops when continued use of the drug leads to negative consequences such as health problems or failure to meet responsibilities 在工作、学校或家里, but despite all that the drug use continues.

Those who have become addicted to a prescription CNS depressant 和 stop using the 药物可能突然停药. 戒断症状可以从 early 作为一个 few hours after the drug was last taken—包括:

• 癫痫发作
• 颤抖
• 焦虑
• 搅动
• 失眠
• 过于活跃的反应
• increased heart rate, blood pressure, 和 temperature with sweating
• 幻觉
• 严重的欲望

People addicted to prescription CNS depressants should not attempt to stop taking 他们靠自己. Withdrawal symptoms from these drugs can be severe 和—in the case of certain medications-potentially life—threatening.

Prescription stimulants are medicines generally used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 和 narcolepsy—uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep. 他们增加 警觉性、注意力和精力.

常见的处方兴奋剂有哪些?

• 右旋安非他命(中枢神经刺激剂^®)
• dextroamphetamine/amphetamine combination product (Adderall^®)
• 哌醋甲酯(利他林^®、Concerta^®).

How do prescription stimulants affect the brain 和 body?

Prescription stimulants increase the activity of the brain chemicals 多巴胺 和 去甲肾上腺素. Dopamine is involved in the reinforcement of rewarding behaviors. 去甲肾上腺素 affects blood vessels, blood pressure 和 heart rate, blood sugar, 和 breathing.

短期效应

People who use prescription stimulants report feeling a "rush" (兴奋) along with 以下几点:

• 血压和心率升高
• 增加呼吸
• 血流减少
• 血糖升高
• 打开呼吸通道

At high doses, prescription stimulants can lead to a dangerously high body temperature, an irregular heartbeat, heart failure, 和 癫痫发作.

What are the other health 影响 of prescription stimulants?

Repeated misuse of prescription stimulants, even within a short period, can cause 精神病、愤怒或偏执. If the drug is injected, it is important to note that sharing drug injection equipment 和 having impaired judgment from drug misuse can increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV 和 hepatitis.

Can a person overdose on prescription stimulants?

Yes, a person can overdose on prescription stimulants. 过量服用发生在 person uses enough of the drug to produce a life-threatening reaction or 死亡.

当 people overdose on a prescription stimulant, they most commonly experience several different symptoms, including restlessness, tremors, 过于活跃的反应, rapid breathing, 混乱, aggression, 幻觉, panic states, abnormally increased fever, muscle 疼痛和虚弱.

They also may have heart problems, including an irregular heartbeat leading to a heart attack, nerve problems that can lead to a seizure, abnormally high or low blood pressure, 循环衰竭. Stomach issues may include 恶心想吐, vomiting, diarrhea, 和 腹部绞痛. In addition, an overdose can result in convulsions, coma, 和 fatal 中毒.

How can a prescription stimulant overdose be treated?

Because prescription stimulant overdose often leads to a heart attack or seizure, the most important step to take is to call 911 so a person who has overdosed can receive 立即就医. First responders 和 emergency room doctors try to treat the overdose with the intent of restoring blood flow to the heart 和 stopping the seizure with care or with medications if necessary.

Can prescription stimulant use lead to 物质使用障碍 和 addiction?

Yes, misuse of prescription stimulants can lead to a 物质使用障碍 (SUD), which takes the form of addiction in severe cases. 长期使用兴奋剂; even as prescribed by a doctor, can cause a person to develop a tolerance, which means that he or she needs higher 和/or more frequent doses of the drug to get the desired 影响. An SUD develops when continued use of the drug causes issues, such as health problems 和 failure to meet responsibilities 在工作、学校或家里. 担忧 use should be discussed with a health care provider.

If a person develops an SUD 和 stops use of the prescription stimulant, he or she 可以体验 撤军. 戒断症状包括:

• 乏力
• 抑郁症
• 睡眠问题